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| Rural Solidarity ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Rural Solidarity
Rural Solidarity (full name ''Independent Self-governing Trade Union of Individual Farmers "Solidarity"'') is a trade union of Polish farmers, established in late 1980 as part of the growing Solidarity movement. Its legalization became possible on February 19, 1981, when officials of the government of the People's Republic of Poland signed the so-called ''Rzeszów - Ustrzyki Dolne Agreement'' with striking farmers. Previously, Communist government had refused farmers’ right to self-organize, which caused widespread strikes, with the biggest wave taking place in January 1981. The Rural Solidarity was officially recognized on May 12, 1981,〔(The Eighties Club. The Politics and Pop Culture of the 1980s )〕〔(NBC Evening News for Tuesday, May 12, 1981 )〕 and, strongly backed by the Catholic Church of Poland, it claimed to represent at least half of Poland's 3.2 million smallholders.〔(R.J. Crampton, Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, page 372 )〕
== Background ==
After World War II, Poland became a communist country, a satellite of the Soviet Union. Since collective farming is a key component of communist notion of agriculture, in June 1948, the Polish United Workers' Party decided to begin the process. From the very beginning, compulsory collectivization faced strong resistance of Polish farmers, who did not want to give up their land. Despite using different methods of persuasion, the progress was slow.〔(Agrarian Policies in Communist Europe, page 63 )〕 By 1951, only 1% of arable land was collectivized, with some 23 000 farmers working there. Altogether, in that year there were some 2200 collective farms. Most of them were located in western and northern Poland, in the Recovered Territories, where population consisted of people resettled from former eastern borderlands of Poland.
After the Polish October, Władysław Gomułka officially declared that private farms were part of the so-called "Polish road to Socialism" and the government gradually changed its stance. In the late 1950s, number of collective farms fell to 1 800, and Poland was the only country of the Soviet Bloc which tolerated private ownership of the arable land. In 1958, Moscow ordered the resumption of collectivization, but unlike her neighbors, Poland refused.〔(Ivan T. Berend, An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe, page 156 )〕 By 1960, collectivization in Poland was ended, never to be resumed,〔(The history of Poland, page 139 )〕 and Engels' opinion that peasants would spontaneously create collective forms of agricultural production because of the threat of the big landed estates was not confirmed in Poland.〔(Sociologia Ruralis, volume 22, Issue 3-4 )〕
Preservation of individual agriculture was a key factor in future events. Nevertheless, forced collectivization of farmland had disastrous consequences, as Poland, traditionally a grain exporter, had to import food, including grain, to prevent famine.〔(History of Poland, People's Republic, 1948-1969 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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